Bear
in mind, my children, that only cowards and those who are weak
commit
sin and tell lies. The brave are always moral. Try to be moral,
try
to be brave, try to be sympathising.
- Conviction of the powers of goodness.
- Absence of jealousy and suspicion.
- Helping all who are
trying to be and do good.
IPv6
32
Hexadecimal Values ,Hex = 0 to 9 and A to F
Each
Hexadecimal Value is represented by 4 Binary Bits.
Example
0 = 0000
1= 0001
Binary
to Decimal conversion Examples
0001
= 1 * 2^0 = 1
0010
= 1 * 2^1 = 2
Characteristics:
No
Broadcasts
No
ARP , uses NDP
Types
of IPv6 Address:
1.Global
Unicast 2000::/3 Routable
used on the Internet.
2.Unique
local FC00::/7 similar
Ipv4 Private Addresses (fd00::/8)
3.Link
local FE80::/8 similar
to Windows APIPA
4.
2001:0db8::/32
Reserved for examples and documentation
5.
2002::/16
6-to-4 tunneling
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
or ::1/128 Localhost address similar IPv4: 127.0.0.1
2001:db8::/32
used in documentation
0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.100.1
This is how an IPv4 address would be written in a mixed IPv6/
IPv4
network environment.
FF00::/8
The multicast range.
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Equals ::. This is the equivalent of IPv4’s 0.0.0.0 and is
typically
the
source address of a host before the host receives an IP
address
when you’re using DHCP-driven stateful configuration.
(unspecified
address)
| ::1/128 |
50
|
0
|
Localhost |
| ::/0 |
40
|
1
|
Default unicast |
| ::ffff:0:0/96 |
35
|
4
|
IPv4-mapped IPv6 address |
| 2002::/16 |
30
|
2
|
6to4 |
| 2001::/32 |
5
|
5
|
Teredo tunneling |
| fc00::/7 |
3
|
13
|
Unique local address |
Address
Format :
Routing
prefix | Subnet ID | Host ID
48 Bits | 16
Bits | 64 Bits
Network
Prefix = Routing Prefix + Subnet ID
The
network prefix (the routing prefix combined with the
subnet id) is contained in
the
most significant 64 bits of the address. The size of the routing
prefix may vary;
a
larger prefix size means a smaller subnet id size. The bits of the
subnet id(entifier)
field
are available to the network administrator to define subnets within
the given
network.
The 64-bit interface identifier is either automatically
generated from the
interface's
MAC address
using the modified
EUI-64 format, obtained from a
DHCPv6
server, automatically established randomly, or assigned manually.
Total
128 Bits
Upto 48 bits = Routing
prefix
48 to 64 bits = used for
subnet number
(note can borrow more host
bits but this can conflict with stateless autoconfiguration which
needs /64)
first 64 bits Network
prefix
second 64 bits Host ID
Stateless
Autoconfiguration (eui-64) Padding Processes:
Adding
FF FE and inverting 7th bit.
Example
1:
MAC
: 0060:d673:1987
Padded
MAC : 0260:d6FF:FE73:1987
Note
7th bit starting from left : 0 = 0000 , 0= 0000
0000
0000 , 7th bit is 0 ,inverting it we get 1
thus
we get 0000 0010 and 0010 = 2 ,hex to deci
2001:db8:1111:2222::/64
gets converted to
2001:db8:1111:2222:0260:d6FF:FE73:1987
Example
2 :
MAC
address 0090:2716:fd0f
IPv6
EUI-64 address: 2001:0db8:0:1:0290:27ff:fe16:fd0f
Example
3 :
MAC
address aa12:bcbc:1234
IPv6
EUI-64 address: 2001:0db8:0:1:a812:bcff:febc:1234
Example
4:
MAC
address 0c0c:dede:1234
IPv6
EUI-64 address: 2001:0db8:0:1:0e0c:deff:fede:1234
Example
5:
MAC
address 0b34:ba12:1234
IPv6
EUI-64 address: 2001:0db8:0:1:0934:baff:fe12:1234
Stateless
autoconfiguration eui-64 and stateful (DHCP)
IPv6
Header
DHCPv6
(Stateful)
ICMPv6
Network discovery Protocol:
ARP of IPv6 to find MAC of neighbors.
RS Router solicitation. FF02::2
RA Router advertisement. FF02::1
NS Neighbor soliciation
NA Neighbour advertisement.
DAD - Duplicate address detection.
Routing
Protocols RIPng
Verification
, show commands
IPv6
Commands
ipv6
unicast-routing
ipv6
enable (on an interface assigns a link-local address)
Lab
1 : Ipv6 Adderss assignment using ipv6 enable.
Router(config-if)#ipv6
enable
Router#show
ipv6 interface
GigabitEthernet0/1
is administratively down, line protocol is down
IPv6
is enabled, link-local address is FE80::260:2FFF:FE83:E02 [TEN]
[Note
after enabling a link local address is assigned]
No
Virtual link-local address(es):
Global
unicast address(es):
Joined
group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::1:FF83:E02
[Note
the interface now joins the multicast groups]
MTU
is 1500 bytes
ICMP
error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP
redirects are enabled
ICMP
unreachables are sent
ND
DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
ND
reachable time is 30000 milliseconds
ND
advertised reachable time is 0 milliseconds
ND
advertised retransmit interval is 0 milliseconds
ND
router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds
ND
router advertisements live for 1800 seconds
ND
advertised default router preference is Medium
Hosts
use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
Vlan1
is administratively down, line protocol is down
Internet
protocol processing disabled
Note:
sh
ipv6 int
sh
ipv6 int brief
Lab
2 : Ipv6 unicast-routing significance.
ipv6
unicast-routing , has to be enabled on router so a Computer on the
LAN can get an IP.
That
is if the PC is set to get an IPv6 IP automatically
Lab
3 : Ipv6 Global address manual assignment , eui-64
Router(config)#int
g0/1
Router(config-if)#ipv6
address 2001:0db8:1111:A::/64 eui-64
[Note
if you do not use eui-64 , than the interface mac will not be added ]
[we
can only use 2001:0db8:1111:A::/64 , but this indicates everything
after :: will be zero's]
Router#show
ipv6 int g0/1
GigabitEthernet0/1
is up, line protocol is up
IPv6
is enabled, link-local address is FE80::260:2FFF:FE83:E02
No
Virtual link-local address(es):
Global
unicast address(es):
2001:DB8:1111:A::, subnet is
2001:DB8:1111:A::/64
2001:DB8:1111:A:260:2FFF:FE83:E02,
subnet is 2001:DB8:1111:A::/64 [EUI]
Joined
group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF00:0
FF02::1:FF83:E02
MTU
is 1500 bytes
ICMP
error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP
redirects are enabled
ICMP
unreachables are sent
ND
DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
ND
reachable time is 30000 milliseconds
ND
advertised reachable time is 0 milliseconds
ND
advertised retransmit interval is 0 milliseconds
ND
router advertisements are sent every 200 seconds
ND
router advertisements live for 1800 seconds
ND
advertised default router preference is Medium
Hosts
use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
Router#
[Note
PC's get a global IPv6 IP and Gateway from the Router
only after the Router
interface has been assigned a Global IP,PC's
initially have a
link-local address assigned ]
Lab
4 :
IPv6
Link local address assigned manually.
Router(config-if)#ipv6
address FE80:1111:2222:3333:4444:5555:6666:7777 link-local
Lab
5 :
IPv6
Address assignment using autoconfig.
Router(config)#int
g0/2
Router(config-if)#ipv6
address ?
WORD General
prefix name
X:X:X:X::X IPv6
link-local address
X:X:X:X::X/<0-128>
IPv6 prefix
autoconfig Obtain
address using autoconfiguration
Router(config-if)#ipv6
address autoconfig
Router#show
ipv6 int g0/2
GigabitEthernet0/2
is administratively down, line protocol is down
IPv6 is enabled, link-local
address is FE80::203:E4FF:FE3C:4A03 [TEN]
No Virtual link-local
address(es):
Global unicast address(es):
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF3C:4A03
MTU is 1500 bytes
ICMP error messages limited
to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is enabled, number of
DAD attempts: 1
ND reachable time is 30000
milliseconds
ND advertised reachable time
is 0 milliseconds
ND advertised retransmit
interval is 0 milliseconds
ND router advertisements are
sent every 200 seconds
ND router advertisements live
for 1800 seconds
ND advertised default router
preference is Medium
Hosts use stateless
autoconfig for addresses.
Lab
6 :
Understanding
IPv6:
Interface
g0/2:
Router(config-if)#int
g0/2
Router(config-if)#ipv6
add 1111:2222:3333:4444:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd/1
[Only
1 binary bit is matched on ]
Interface
g0/0:
Router(config-if)#int
g0/0
Router(config-if)#ipv6
add ffff:2222:3333:4444:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd/1
%GigabitEthernet0/0:
Error: FFFF:2222:3333:4444:AAAA:BBBB:CCCC:DDDD/1
is invalid
[invalid
as FF00::/8 is Multicast group]
Router(config-if)#ipv6
add faaa:2222:3333:4444:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd/1
[This
IP is taken as F in binary is 1111 and since we are matching 1st
bit that is /1
this IP is OK, as it
differes from 1 above which is 0001, first bit has to vary]
[Note
first bit of interface g0/0 and g0/2 must vary as /1 , 1 bit is
compared ]
Router(config-if)#no
ipv6 add faaa:2222:3333:4444:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd/1
Router(config-if)#ipv6
add 8aaa:2222:3333:4444:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd/1
[
8 is accepted as first bit is 1]
Router(config-if)#no
ipv6 add 8aaa:2222:3333:4444:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd/1
Router(config-if)#ipv6
add 7aaa:2222:3333:4444:aaaa:bbbb:cccc:dddd/1
%GigabitEthernet0/0:
Error: ::/1 is overlapping with ::/1 on GigabitEthernet0/2
[
7 not accpted as 7 hexadecimal in binary is 0111, and first bit is 0
same as on int g0/2]
[8
is the last hex value we can use,we cannot go lower ]
Lab
7 : Understanding IPv6 Subnetting:
2001:0101:2222:A::/64
eui-64
Note
A in the fourth octet is the
subnet ID
upto
48 bits or /48 is the Routing Prefix.
/48
to /64 or the bits between 48 and 64
are
the Subnet Bits.
4th
Octet is the Subnet Number:
It
is 16 Bits long like all other Octet's.
4
Hexadecimal Values , each repersented
by
4 Binary Bits.
So
the Subnets are
0000
0000 0000 0000 = 0 = 1st Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 0001 = 1 = 2nd Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 0010 = 2 = 3rd Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 0011 = 3 = 4th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 0100 = 4 = 5th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 0101 = 5 = 6th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 0110 = 6 = 7th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 0111 = 7 = 8th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 1000 = 8 = 9th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 1001 = 9 = 10th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 1010 = A = 11th Subnet.
0000
0000 0000 1011 = B = 12th Subnet.
:
:
and
so on
Example
: Subnetting.
2001:2A1:BAD::/64
1.What
is the 1st subnet ? (Note we start at 0 hence 0 is the
first subnet)
Answers
is 0000 0000 0000 0000 , which is the Zero subnet.
Written
as 2001:2A1:BAD:0::/64
2.What
is the 2nd Subnet ?
Answers
is 0000 0000 0000 0001 , which is the second subnet.
Written
as 2001:2A1:BAD:1::/64
3.
What is the 11th Subnet ?
Answers
is 0000 0000 0000 1010 , which is the 11th subnet.
Can
be written as 2001:2A1:BAD:A::/64
1010
= A , which is 10, but 0 to 10 is 0 to 9 and 10 or A, will be 11th
Subnet.
4.What
is the 75th Subnet ?
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
512
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1
1 1 1
75
= 64 + 8+ 2+1 = 0100 1011 = 4B
0100
= 4
1011
= B = 11
75
= 4B but since we have to be one less, which is the real 75th
Number.
We
use 4A.
In
relation to above IP the 75th subnet is
2001:2A1:BAD:4A::/64.
Lab
8 Static Routing using Global unicast addresses.
Lab 9 Static Routing using Unique local address.
ipv6
unicast-routing
ipv6
address FD00:1111:2222:4::1/64
ipv6
route FD00:1111:2222:5::/64 FD00:1111:2222:4::2
ipv6
route FD00:1111:2222:6::/64 FD00:1111:2222:4::2
Lab
10 Static Route with a Link Local Next-hop Address:
Unlike
IPv4 static routing, with IPv6 you have the ability to use either the
global
unicast
address or link-local address as the next hop in the static route
statement.
Router(config)#ipv6
route 2001:db8:1111:2::/64 g0/0 FE80::2E0:F9FF:FE84:2601
Lab
11 IPv6 Default route.
Router(config)#ipv6
route ::/0 s0/0/1
Lab
12 OSPF v 3 :
Configuration
Router-id
debug
command
ROUTER
1:(Similar configuration of other Two Routers)
Fa0/0
Router(config-if)#ipv6 address
2001:AAAA:BBBB:CCCC::/64 eui-64
Fa0/1
Router(config-if)#ipv6 address
2001:AAAA:BBBB:DDDD::/64 eui-64
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
Router(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1
%OSPFv3-4-NORTRID: OSPFv3 process 1
could not pick a router-id,
please configure manually
Router(config-rtr)#router-id 2.2.2.2
Router(config)#interface
FastEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
Router(config)#interface
FastEthernet0/1
Router(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
NOW
TRY PING Between all Routers.
IPv6
Show commands:
Router#show
ipv6 ?
access-list
Summary of access lists
dhcp
IPv6 DHCP
eigrp
EIGRP show commands
general-prefix
IPv6 general prefixes
inspect
CBAC (Context Based Access Control) information
interface
IPv6 interface status and configuration
nat
IPv6 NAT-PT information
neighbors
Show IPv6 neighbor cache entries
ospf
OSPF information
protocols
IPv6 Routing Protocols
rip
RIP routing protocol status
route
Show IPv6 route table entries
Router#show
ipv6 ospf ?
<1-65535>
Process ID number
border-routers
Border and Boundary Router Information
database
Database summary
interface
Interface information
neighbor
Neighbor list
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 interface ?
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
FastEthernet
FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
GigabitEthernet
GigabitEthernet IEEE 802.3z
Loopback
Loopback interface
Serial
Serial
Tunnel
Tunnel interface
brief
Brief summary of IP status and configuration
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 access-list ?
WORD
User selected string identifying this access list
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 dhcp ?
binding
DHCP bindings
interface
DHCPv6 interface information
pool
DHCPv6 pool statistics
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 nat ?
statistics
Translation statistics
translations
Translation entries
Router#show
ipv6 neighbors ?
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
FastEthernet
FastEthernet IEEE 802.3
GigabitEthernet
GigabitEthernet IEEE 802.3z
Loopback
Loopback interface
Serial
Serial
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 protocols ?
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 route ?
ospf
OSPFv3 routes
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 route ospf ?
<cr>
Router#show
ipv6 rip ?
database
RIP local RIB
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